Tại hội nghị Consensus diễn ra ở Hong Kong vào tháng 2, Charles Hoskinson đã phản hồi lo ngại rằng các nhà cung cấp hạ tầng đám mây quy mô lớn như Google Cloud và Microsoft Azure có thể đe dọa tính phi tập trung của blockchain. Hoskinson cho rằng các công nghệ như tính toán đa bên (MPC) và confidential computing giúp ngăn nhà cung cấp cloud truy cập dữ liệu nhạy cảm, từ đó giảm rủi ro tập trung. Tuy nhiên, một số chuyên gia nhận định các giải pháp này chỉ chuyển dịch mô hình niềm tin thay vì loại bỏ hoàn toàn sự phụ thuộc vào hạ tầng.
Dù dữ liệu được mã hóa, hyperscaler vẫn kiểm soát phần cứng, băng thông và quyền truy cập theo khu vực, qua đó giữ lợi thế vận hành. Tranh luận cũng xoay quanh việc liệu blockchain Layer-1 có cần dựa vào hyperscaler để xử lý tính toán toàn cầu hay không. Trong khi nhiều phép tính được thực hiện ngoài chuỗi và xác minh trên chuỗi, sự phụ thuộc vào hạ tầng tập trung vẫn có thể tạo ra điểm rủi ro. Một hướng đi khác là phát triển mạng tính toán chuyên dụng và đa dạng hóa quyền sở hữu phần cứng để duy trì tính phi tập trung.
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