Ethereum

Ethereum developers have recently engaged in discussions regarding the Hegota upgrade, anticipated for release in 2026. Among the proposals, Frame Transactions attracted significant attention. However, after comprehensive deliberation, the development team concluded that the technical complexity of this proposal is currently too high, and has therefore not prioritized it for implementation. This debate underscores Ethereum’s ongoing challenge to strike a balance between improving user experience and maintaining development efficiency.

At the EthCC conference in Cannes, France, Gnosis co-founder Friederike Ernst and Zisk founder Jordi Baylina unveiled a new initiative—the Ethereum Economic Zone (EEZ). Co-funded by the Ethereum Foundation, this project aims to create a new rollup architecture that allows various Layer 2 networks to synchronize and interact seamlessly with both the Ethereum mainnet and each other. By enabling cross-chain contract calls within a single trade, the EEZ seeks to resolve persistent challenges related to liquidity and fragmented user experiences across the Ethereum ecosystem.

Lido DAO (LDO) is a liquid staking protocol that enables users to stake ETH while receiving a transferable staking derivative, stETH, allowing them to maintain liquidity. Through this mechanism, users can participate in the Ethereum network’s staking process and earn rewards without locking up their assets. The protocol is governed by a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) and relies on smart contracts to manage staked assets, node operations, and reward distribution. This lowers the barrier to entry for staking and improves capital efficiency.

As a liquid staking protocol built on Ethereum, Lido DAO (LDO) allows users to stake ETH and receive a transferable staking token called stETH. This enables users to participate in network validation and earn staking rewards while maintaining liquidity. The protocol is governed by a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) and uses smart contracts to manage staked assets, node operations, and reward distribution. As a result, it lowers the barriers to traditional staking and improves capital efficiency.

stETH is a liquid staking token issued by Lido DAO (LDO). It represents users’ staked ETH on the Ethereum network along with the staking rewards it generates, while allowing those assets to remain usable within the DeFi ecosystem during the staking period. Lido DAO’s token economy is built around two core assets: stETH and LDO. stETH captures staking yield and provides liquidity, while LDO governs the protocol and controls key parameters. Together, they form a dual-token model for liquid staking.

Lido DAO (LDO) is a decentralized autonomous organization responsible for managing the Lido liquid staking protocol. Through voting by LDO token holders, it determines protocol parameters, node operation strategies, and the overall direction of ecosystem development. As a key piece of infrastructure in the liquid staking sector, Lido DAO’s governance directly affects protocol security, reward structures, and long-term sustainability.

Vitalik’s redefinition of the L2 role, the emergence of EEZ, and the pressure on Ethereum mainnet revenue are driving the marketplace to reevaluate ETH’s value logic. This article explores whether Ethereum is shifting from an “ecosystem city” to “financial infrastructure” by analyzing four critical aspects: scalability, interoperability, fee structure, and asset pricing.

The author highlights the 10 major crypto events that occurred during the Spring Festival: Trump’s tariff war, which led to a significant decline in the crypto market; the launch of Deepseek, sparking strong market reactions; El Salvador revoking Bitcoin’s official currency status; and the Federal Reserve’s decision to keep interest rates unchanged...

The Global Dollar (USDG) is a stablecoin pegged to the US Dollar, issued by Paxos Dollar Singapore Ltd and regulated by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS). Backed by the leading financial companies under the Global Dollar Network, USDG aims to promote real-world adoption and enterprise-focused use cases.

This article examines Ethereum's Pectra upgrade (Prague/Electra) coming in March 2025. The upgrade introduces key changes: raising the maximum validator stake to 2048 ETH, enhancing execution and consensus layer interactions, adding BLS12-381 curve support, optimizing blob transactions, and enabling EOA account code settings. These changes will reshape staking distribution, validator operations, cross-chain functionality, and user experience.

The current issuance curve of ETH is a trap. Unfortunately, like Bitcoin's issuance, Ethereum's issuance was misdesigned.

The author analyzes the impact of excessive ETH Beta Tokens, liquidity fragmentation, and technological catch-up from other L1 blockchains on ETH’s performance. The article suggests encouraging L2 projects to incorporate ETH, reinforcing ETH’s central role in the Ethereum economy, addressing L2 fragmentation, and accelerating technological upgrades.

On November 7, the Ethereum Foundation announced the launch of the Pectra testnet named Mekong, allowing developers to experience upcoming upgrade technologies before they go live on the Ethereum mainnet. The following article will introduce the background, purpose, and relationship between the Mekong testnet and Pectra.

Ethereum has always been where ideas become reality. Now we have the chance to build something even bigger. A platform that aligns Ethereum’s builders, researchers, and users on what actually matters.

We the Cypherpunks are dedicated to building anonymous systems. We are defending our privacy with cryptography, with anonymous mail forwarding systems, with digital signatures, and with electronic money.