Analysis of Layer 1 Blockchain Infrastructure Technology Comparison and Scalability Solutions in 2025

#区块链# #以太坊# #BTC# In 2025, blockchain foundational technology will experience a revolutionary leap forward. Layer 1 solutions, driven by technological innovation such as scalability technologies centered around Rollups, are bringing diverse advantages to the first layer of blockchain solutions. In this article, we will delve into the advantages of Layer 1 technology, the underlying architecture of blockchain, and a detailed comparison of Layer 1 protocols, exploring how these innovations are gradually transforming the digital landscape. Get ready to unveil the new heights of technology in 2025!

The foundational layer technology of Blockchain achieved significant breakthroughs in 2025, with mainstream Layer 1 protocols presenting differentiated growth trajectories. Ethereum, as the leading first-layer solution, continues to solidify its market position while focusing on developing scalability strategies centered around Rollups. At the same time, although the foundational layer activity and transaction fees of the Bitcoin network have declined, its network security and hash rate remain robust, highlighting the resilience of the underlying Blockchain architecture.

Layer 1 protocols such as Solana, Cardano, and Avalanche each demonstrate unique technical advantages. These first-layer blockchain solutions seek a balance between performance, cost, and security through different consensus mechanisms and transaction verification methods. Ethereum's Fusaka hard fork will be launched at the end of 2025, including nine core EIP proposals, focusing on enhancing scalability, security, and execution efficiency, especially the optimization of data availability through PeerDAS technology. This marks further maturity and refinement of blockchain foundational layer technology.

Blockchain scalability technology has become a key indicator for evaluating the comprehensive strength of Layer 1 protocols. Ethereum has achieved exponential scalability through Layer 2 solutions, with its average transaction cost dropping from about $24 in 2021 to less than $0.01 today, demonstrating the practical effectiveness of optimizing the underlying blockchain architecture. Layer 2 solutions such as Arbitrum, Base, and Optimism have already borne most of Ethereum's economic activities, validating the feasibility of the Rollup centralization strategy.

Stablecoin trading has become an important indicator for assessing the effectiveness of scaling solutions. In September 2025, the adjusted monthly trading volume of stablecoins reached a historical high, approaching $1.25 trillion. Over the past 12 months, the trading volume of stablecoins totaled $9 trillion, growing by 87% compared to last year, a scale that has surpassed PayPal's trading volume by more than five times. The adjusted stablecoin trading volume on the Ethereum and Tron blockchains reached $772 billion, accounting for 64% of the total market trading volume, fully demonstrating that the Layer 1 technological advantages of these platforms are recognized by the market.

Different scalability technology solutions showcase their own characteristics. Bitcoin achieves high-efficiency transactions through the Lightning Network and Layer 2 frameworks like Optimism and zero-knowledge proofs. Solana employs parallel transaction processing and state compression technology, achieving thousands of transactions per second on the main chain. Cardano and Avalanche offer alternative scalability ideas through peer-reviewed hierarchical design and dynamic subnet expansion capabilities, respectively.

Cross-chain interoperability has become an inevitable requirement for the evolution of the blockchain infrastructure. Innovative solutions like LayerZero and the Circle cross-chain transfer protocol support users in seamlessly transferring assets across multi-chain systems, breaking the isolation between various first-layer blockchain solutions. The Hyperliquid standard bridge has achieved a trading volume of $74 billion so far this year, fully reflecting the urgency of cross-chain demand.

Polkadot's focus on true interoperability demonstrates a distinct architectural philosophy. Its shared security and unified governance mechanism achieve deep integration across chains, allowing different parachains to share the security of Polkadot's relay chain, which has a unique advantage in Layer 1 protocol comparisons. As the industry evolves towards a multi-chain reality, where value flows between different chains, Polkadot's role in interoperability is becoming increasingly important.

The security upgrade of the underlying architecture of the blockchain has become a focus of the industry. The threat of quantum computing has prompted Layer 1 protocols to explore post-quantum cryptography solutions. Ethereum's security enhancement plan covers improvements to the consensus layer and optimizations to the execution layer, ensuring the network's defensive capabilities against new types of threats. The continuous growth of Bitcoin's hash rate and the decentralization of mining further solidify its position as the most secure Layer 1 blockchain solution.

Cardano's peer review mechanism has set an industry standard for security. Each protocol upgrade undergoes rigorous academic review and testing, ensuring the advantages of Layer 1 technology while maintaining system stability. Avalanche's three-layer consensus mechanism achieves flexible security configurations through the separation of platform layer, application layer, and exchange layer design. These innovative solutions collectively advance a new era of security for blockchain foundational technology.

This article explores the breakthroughs and scaling solutions of Layer 1 blockchain technology in 2025, analyzing how protocols like Ethereum, Bitcoin, and Solana optimize performance, security, and cross-chain interoperability. It provides an in-depth analysis of Ethereum's Rollup strategy, Cardano's academic review, and Avalanche's subnet architecture, and examines Bitcoin's network security measures against the threats posed by quantum computing. The article is suitable for professionals interested in the development of blockchain technology, offering a comprehensive technical comparison and insights into future developments.