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Sumber: Coindoo
Judul Asli: Senator AS Berusaha Mengakhiri Ketidakpastian Regulasi untuk Kode Blockchain
Tautan Asli:
Di Amerika Serikat, sebuah paradoks hukum yang aneh telah menghantui pengembang blockchain selama bertahun-tahun: menulis perangkat lunak bisa diartikan sebagai menjalankan bisnis keuangan, bahkan ketika tidak ada uang yang pernah melewati tangan pengembang.
Ambiguitas tersebut telah meninggalkan insinyur, kontributor sumber terbuka, dan penyedia infrastruktur terbuka terhadap risiko regulasi yang sama dengan bank dan pemroses pembayaran – meskipun mereka tidak memiliki kemampuan untuk menyentuh, memindahkan, atau mengendalikan dana pengguna. Upaya bipartisan baru di Senat kini mencoba memecahkan logika tersebut.
Poin Utama
Rancangan undang-undang bipartisan di Senat akan memperjelas bahwa menulis kode blockchain tidak sama dengan menjalankan bisnis layanan keuangan
Pengembang yang tidak mengendalikan dana pengguna akan dikecualikan dari regulasi transmisi uang
Pembuat undang-undang mengatakan ketidakpastian hukum telah mendorong inovasi blockchain dan talenta keluar dari AS
Pertanyaan Inti: Siapa Sebenarnya yang Mengendalikan Uang?
Inti dari perdebatan ini adalah masalah sederhana yang sulit dijawab regulator: apakah membangun alat yang mendukung sistem keuangan membuat seseorang bertanggung jawab atas bagaimana alat tersebut digunakan?
Rancangan undang-undang yang diusulkan mengatakan tidak – kecuali pembuat memiliki otoritas hukum atas transaksi. Perbedaan ini bukanlah filosofis; ini bersifat fungsional. Kontrol atas kunci pribadi dan kekuasaan untuk mengeksekusi transfer adalah apa yang mendefinisikan kustodi. Menulis kode, menjalankan infrastruktur, atau memelihara jaringan tidak termasuk.
Perbedaan tersebut sebagian besar tidak ada dalam kerangka regulasi AS yang ada, yang dibangun untuk perantara, bukan sistem terdesentralisasi.
Perisai Hukum untuk Infrastruktur, Bukan Perantara
Rancangan undang-undang ini menarik batas perlindungan di sekitar aktivitas non-kustodi. Pengembang perangkat lunak yang menerbitkan protokol terdesentralisasi, operator node yang memvalidasi transaksi, dan perusahaan yang menawarkan alat self-custody semuanya akan berada di luar aturan transmisi uang – asalkan mereka tidak dapat secara independen memindahkan aset pengguna.
Bahkan perusahaan yang menyediakan dompet perangkat keras atau layanan jaringan backend akan tetap tidak diatur di bawah hukum kustodi keuangan, selama mereka tidak memiliki otoritas transaksi sepihak. Dengan kata lain, menyediakan infrastruktur tidak lagi diperlakukan sebagai penyedia layanan keuangan.
Mengapa Ini Penting Lebih dari Sekadar Kripto
Pendukung berpendapat bahwa isu ini jauh melampaui blockchain. Menganggap kode sebagai aktivitas keuangan yang diatur menetapkan preseden yang dapat mempengaruhi bentuk infrastruktur sumber terbuka lainnya, dari alat enkripsi hingga sistem komputasi terdistribusi.
Ketakutan terhadap penegakan hukum telah mengubah perilaku. Pengembang menghindari peluncuran proyek di AS, menunda rilis, atau sepenuhnya pindah ke yurisdiksi dengan aturan yang lebih jelas. Hasilnya adalah perlahan-lahan pengurangan inovasi domestik – bukan karena kesalahan, tetapi karena ketidakpastian hukum.
Siapa Di Balik Dorongan Ini
Usulan ini diperkenalkan oleh Cynthia Lummis, yang memimpin Subkomite Perbankan Senat tentang Aset Digital, bersama Ron Wyden. Meski berasal dari partai berbeda, kedua pembuat undang-undang berpendapat bahwa pendekatan saat ini salah menerapkan hukum keuangan pada aktivitas teknis.
Lummis secara terbuka mengkritik gagasan bahwa pengembang harus menghadapi pengawasan ala bank tanpa pernah menangani dana pelanggan, menyebut kerangka kerja tersebut terputus dari cara sistem terdesentralisasi benar-benar beroperasi.
Negara Masih Menegakkan – Tapi Dengan Batasan
Rancangan undang-undang ini tidak menghilangkan otoritas negara sama sekali. Sebaliknya, membatasi negara dari memberlakukan lisensi transmisi uang kepada pengembang yang secara ketat terlibat dalam aktivitas non-kustodi yang dilindungi.
Tujuannya adalah untuk mencegah labirin regulasi di mana proyek harus menavigasi puluhan persyaratan negara yang bertentangan, sebuah beban yang sebelumnya mendorong tim ke luar negeri atau ke bawah tanah.
Garis yang Belum Pernah Jelas Digambar Hukum
Selama lebih dari satu dekade, regulator AS telah berusaha menyesuaikan teknologi terdesentralisasi ke dalam hukum yang ditulis untuk keuangan terpusat. Usulan ini mewakili perubahan pendekatan: mengatur kontrol, bukan penciptaan.
Jika disahkan, ini tidak akan melonggarkan pengawasan terhadap kustodian atau bursa. Sebaliknya, ini akhirnya akan mengkodifikasi prinsip yang lama diasumsikan oleh pengembang tetapi tidak pernah dijamin oleh hukum – bahwa menulis perangkat lunak tidak sama dengan memegang uang orang lain.
Lihat Asli
Halaman ini mungkin berisi konten pihak ketiga, yang disediakan untuk tujuan informasi saja (bukan pernyataan/jaminan) dan tidak boleh dianggap sebagai dukungan terhadap pandangannya oleh Gate, atau sebagai nasihat keuangan atau profesional. Lihat Penafian untuk detailnya.
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Sumber: Coindoo Judul Asli: Senator AS Berusaha Mengakhiri Ketidakpastian Regulasi untuk Kode Blockchain Tautan Asli: Di Amerika Serikat, sebuah paradoks hukum yang aneh telah menghantui pengembang blockchain selama bertahun-tahun: menulis perangkat lunak bisa diartikan sebagai menjalankan bisnis keuangan, bahkan ketika tidak ada uang yang pernah melewati tangan pengembang.
Ambiguitas tersebut telah meninggalkan insinyur, kontributor sumber terbuka, dan penyedia infrastruktur terbuka terhadap risiko regulasi yang sama dengan bank dan pemroses pembayaran – meskipun mereka tidak memiliki kemampuan untuk menyentuh, memindahkan, atau mengendalikan dana pengguna. Upaya bipartisan baru di Senat kini mencoba memecahkan logika tersebut.
Poin Utama
Pertanyaan Inti: Siapa Sebenarnya yang Mengendalikan Uang?
Inti dari perdebatan ini adalah masalah sederhana yang sulit dijawab regulator: apakah membangun alat yang mendukung sistem keuangan membuat seseorang bertanggung jawab atas bagaimana alat tersebut digunakan?
Rancangan undang-undang yang diusulkan mengatakan tidak – kecuali pembuat memiliki otoritas hukum atas transaksi. Perbedaan ini bukanlah filosofis; ini bersifat fungsional. Kontrol atas kunci pribadi dan kekuasaan untuk mengeksekusi transfer adalah apa yang mendefinisikan kustodi. Menulis kode, menjalankan infrastruktur, atau memelihara jaringan tidak termasuk.
Perbedaan tersebut sebagian besar tidak ada dalam kerangka regulasi AS yang ada, yang dibangun untuk perantara, bukan sistem terdesentralisasi.
Perisai Hukum untuk Infrastruktur, Bukan Perantara
Rancangan undang-undang ini menarik batas perlindungan di sekitar aktivitas non-kustodi. Pengembang perangkat lunak yang menerbitkan protokol terdesentralisasi, operator node yang memvalidasi transaksi, dan perusahaan yang menawarkan alat self-custody semuanya akan berada di luar aturan transmisi uang – asalkan mereka tidak dapat secara independen memindahkan aset pengguna.
Bahkan perusahaan yang menyediakan dompet perangkat keras atau layanan jaringan backend akan tetap tidak diatur di bawah hukum kustodi keuangan, selama mereka tidak memiliki otoritas transaksi sepihak. Dengan kata lain, menyediakan infrastruktur tidak lagi diperlakukan sebagai penyedia layanan keuangan.
Mengapa Ini Penting Lebih dari Sekadar Kripto
Pendukung berpendapat bahwa isu ini jauh melampaui blockchain. Menganggap kode sebagai aktivitas keuangan yang diatur menetapkan preseden yang dapat mempengaruhi bentuk infrastruktur sumber terbuka lainnya, dari alat enkripsi hingga sistem komputasi terdistribusi.
Ketakutan terhadap penegakan hukum telah mengubah perilaku. Pengembang menghindari peluncuran proyek di AS, menunda rilis, atau sepenuhnya pindah ke yurisdiksi dengan aturan yang lebih jelas. Hasilnya adalah perlahan-lahan pengurangan inovasi domestik – bukan karena kesalahan, tetapi karena ketidakpastian hukum.
Siapa Di Balik Dorongan Ini
Usulan ini diperkenalkan oleh Cynthia Lummis, yang memimpin Subkomite Perbankan Senat tentang Aset Digital, bersama Ron Wyden. Meski berasal dari partai berbeda, kedua pembuat undang-undang berpendapat bahwa pendekatan saat ini salah menerapkan hukum keuangan pada aktivitas teknis.
Lummis secara terbuka mengkritik gagasan bahwa pengembang harus menghadapi pengawasan ala bank tanpa pernah menangani dana pelanggan, menyebut kerangka kerja tersebut terputus dari cara sistem terdesentralisasi benar-benar beroperasi.
Negara Masih Menegakkan – Tapi Dengan Batasan
Rancangan undang-undang ini tidak menghilangkan otoritas negara sama sekali. Sebaliknya, membatasi negara dari memberlakukan lisensi transmisi uang kepada pengembang yang secara ketat terlibat dalam aktivitas non-kustodi yang dilindungi.
Tujuannya adalah untuk mencegah labirin regulasi di mana proyek harus menavigasi puluhan persyaratan negara yang bertentangan, sebuah beban yang sebelumnya mendorong tim ke luar negeri atau ke bawah tanah.
Garis yang Belum Pernah Jelas Digambar Hukum
Selama lebih dari satu dekade, regulator AS telah berusaha menyesuaikan teknologi terdesentralisasi ke dalam hukum yang ditulis untuk keuangan terpusat. Usulan ini mewakili perubahan pendekatan: mengatur kontrol, bukan penciptaan.
Jika disahkan, ini tidak akan melonggarkan pengawasan terhadap kustodian atau bursa. Sebaliknya, ini akhirnya akan mengkodifikasi prinsip yang lama diasumsikan oleh pengembang tetapi tidak pernah dijamin oleh hukum – bahwa menulis perangkat lunak tidak sama dengan memegang uang orang lain.